Application of social learning theory in psychology research Essays

Application of social learning theory in psychology research Essays Application of social learning theory in psychology research Essay Application of social learning theory in psychology research Essay Explaining substance usage among Puerto Rican striplings: a partial trial of societal larning theory’ is an article by Holly Ventura Miller. Wesley G. Jennings. Lorna L. Alverez-Rivera and J. Mitchell Miller. The article is a 2008 publication in the Journal of Drug Issues Volume 38. issue figure 1. In this survey. Miller et Al ( 2008 ) seek to utilize societal larning theory to understand substance usage among Puerto Rican striplings as portion of the larger Latino group. The importance of societal acquisition is assessed through happening out the consequence of differences in an individual’s description of substance usage as compared to the description that equals have. This survey is based on the position that most striplings who have friends who are in substance maltreatment besides become substance maltreaters. Percepts about drug maltreatment besides seem to be similar with those held by the equals. Social interactions of the young persons hence seem to play a large function in erudite behaviour and perceptual experiences. Miller et Al ( 2008 ) have reviewed considerable literature on societal larning theory more so the facet of differential association in acquisition of socially unacceptable behaviour. A cross-cultural application of societal larning theory signifiers the centre of this survey where a group ( 288 young persons ) of Puerto Rican striplings is chosen as the survey sample. This survey specifically focuses on how equal and personal perceptual experience of substance usage influence intoxicant. coffin nail and marihuana usage. The survey-type of survey was carried among school traveling young persons aged 14-19 old ages in San Juan. Puerto Rico. The topics were selected from public and private schools with the sample size from public schools being well higher compared to that from private schools ( 69 % versus 31 % ) . The study was conducted utilizing questionnaires where several variables were assessed. Questionnaires administered in public schools were written in English whereas those issued in public schools were in Hispanic. The survey excluded topics who did non describe being Latino since ethnicity was a really important variable. The striplings were assessed of their behaviours as respects to alcohol maltreatment. coffin nail smoke and marihuana usage. Forecaster variables were societal acquisition ( definitions on substance maltreatment ) and sex. The control variables in this survey were age and belonging to single-parent household. After statistical analyses ( logistic arrested development analyses ) . it was found out that young persons in private schools had a greater life-time substance usage and reported peer influence in the usage of the three substances. In add-on. males were likely to be involved in usage of the three substances under survey as opposed to females in both types of schools. In private schools. a important difference in substance usage was noted to be between males and females. It is besides noteworthy that coffin nail usage among females in public schools was influenced by their positions of smoking coffin nails as a favourable behaviour. This was besides the instance with private school males. Personal definitions were besides found to play a large function in intoxicant ingestion. Marijuana usage was chiefly due to the influence of peers’ definition as opposed to personal definition. Miller et Al ( 2008 ) hence concluded that if personal definitions of substance usage are favourable. the likeliness of substance maltreatment is high. Peer definitions are besides significantly of import determiners of substance maltreatment as evidenced by marihuanas use among Puerto Rican striplings. Sexual activity is besides a deciding factor in act uponing substance usage. Article 2 The article social acquisition. ego control. and substance maltreatment by eight grade pupils: at narrative of two cities’ by L. Thomas Winfree Jr. and Frances P. Bernat is a 1998 publication in the Journal of Drug Issue volume 28. issue figure 2. In this survey. Winfree and Bernat ( 1998 ) examine the effectivity of the societal cognitive theory and self control theory in foretelling degree of substance maltreatment among a group of eight graders in a big versus a little metropolis. Among the substances the substances that the eight class pupils are assessed of include intoxicant. coffin nails. and marijuana among others. This sample is selected from Phoenix. Arizona and Las Cruces. N. M. the metropoliss are pick for this survey due to differences in types of offenses therefore the writers of this survey challenge that the two theories can non be used to foretell substance maltreatment among the two groups of young persons. Winfree and Bernat ( 2008 ) argue that the societal acquisition theory is viewed as being able to foretell how people develop delinquent behaviours. every bit good as the environment that is likely to predispose one to delinquent behaviours. As such. it is viewed that substance maltreatment by young persons can be predicted by the societal acquisition theory every bit long as the societal environment of the young person is good understood. On the other manus. Winfree and Bernat ( 1998 ) argue that the ego control theory indicates that the degree of ego control determines human behaviour particularly in consideration of factors such as self involvement and inclination to seek pleasance and non trouble. In their survey. Winfree and Bernet ( 1998 ) carried out a broad cross-sectional survey in 11 vicinities including Phoenix and Las Cruces. The topics who participated in this survey gave an informed consent through either parents or defenders. Data was collected through the usage of questionnaires and the surveyors helped the pupils in understanding the inquiries therefore bettering truth of informations collected. Dependent variables in this survey were usage of different substances within the past one twelvemonth. Social larning independent variables included neutralisation. guilt. positive support and negative thrusters. Self control independent variables included parental monitoring. impulsivity and risk-taking. After executing arrested development analyses. it was apparent that there was a low degree of substance maltreatment among Phoenix pupils who said that they would experience really guilty if their engaged in substance maltreatment. Higher degrees of substance maltreatment in Phoenix sample was identified among pupils who agreed greatly to neutralizing statements about negativeness of offense. In footings of ego control. there was higher substance usage among pupils who reported higher hazard taking inclinations. However. parental control and impulsivity did non supply plenty informations for rating. In Las Cruces. it was observed that young persons who had seen mobsters and viewed mobsters as holding better life styles were likely to mistreat substances. The same happened with neutralisation of negativeness of offense. Guilt was non a large determiner of substance maltreatment in Las Cruces. Conclusively. Winfree and Bernet argue that societal larning theory and self control theory can be used to measure delinquency in striplings. From the above two articles. societal larning theory emerges as an of import tool for foretelling substance maltreatment. Counselors stand to profit from the apprehension of the application of societal larning theory in this context since they can be able to tie in a certain substance maltreatment job to the societal influences of the client. By placing the beginning of the substance maltreatment job utilizing the societal acquisition theory. the counsellor is able to supply a manner out of the delinquency or substance usage. This would include subjecting favourable societal environment and statements such that the substance maltreatment behaviour is taken as a negative instead than a positive thing. It would besides be helpful for the counsellor to propose a geographical resettlement ( e. g. school transportation ) as an of import manner of making the best environment ( drug/crime-free environment ) for striplings. Mentions Miller. H. V. . Jennings. W. G. . Alverez-Rivera. L. L. and Miller. J. M. ( 2008 ) . Explaining substance usage among Puerto Rican striplings: a partial trial of societal larning theory. Journal of Drug Issues 38 ( 1 ) : 261+ . Web. 15. July 2010. Questia. com. Winfree. L. T. and Bernat. F. T. ( 1998 ) . Social acquisition. ego control. and substance maltreatment by eight grade pupils: at narrative of two metropoliss. Journal of Drug Issue. 28 ( 2 ) : 539+ . Web. 15. July 2010. Questia. com.

The History of the Odometer

The History of the Odometer An odometer is an instrument that records the distance that a vehicle travels. It is different from a speedometer that measures the vehicles speed or the tachometer that indicates the speed of rotation of the engine, although you may see all three on the dashboard of an automobile. Timeline Encyclopedia Britannia credits Roman architect and engineer Vitruvius with inventing the odometer in 15 BCE. It used a chariot wheel, which is of standard size, turned 400 times in a Roman mile and was mounted in a frame with a 400-tooth cogwheel. For each mile, the cogwheel engaged a gear that dropped a pebble into the box. You knew how many miles you went by counting the pebbles. It was pushed by hand, though it may never have been actually built and used.   Blaise Pascal (1623 - 1662) invented a prototype of an odometer, the calculating machine called a Pascaline. The Pasacaline was constructed of gears and wheels. Each gear contained 10 teeth that when moved one complete revolution, advanced a second gear one place. This is the same principle employed in the mechanical odometer. Thomas Savery (1650 - 1715) was an English military engineer and inventor who  patented the first crude steam engine in 1698.  Among Saverys other inventions was an odometer for ships, a device that measured distance traveled. Ben Franklin (1706 - 1790) is best known as a statesman and writer. However, he was also an inventor who invented swim fins, bifocals, a glass harmonica, watertight bulkheads for ships, the lightning rod, a wood stove, and an odometer. While serving as Postmaster General in 1775, Franklin decided to analyze the best routes for delivering the mail. He created a simple odometer to help measure the mileage of the routes that he attached to his carriage. An odometer called the roadometer was invented in 1847 by the Morman pioneers crossing the plains from Missouri to Utah. The roadometer attached to a wagon wheel and counted the revolutions of the wheel as the wagon traveled. It was designed by William Clayton and Orson Pratt and built by carpenter Appleton Milo Harmon. Clayton was inspired to invent the roadometer after developing his first method of recording the distance the pioneers traveled each day. Clayton had determined that 360 revolutions of a wagon wheel made a mile, he then tied a red rag to the wheel and counted the revolutions to keep an accurate record of the mileage traveled. After seven days, this method became tiresome, and Clayton went on to invent the roadometer that was first used on the morning of May 12, 1847. William Clayton is also known for his writing of the pioneer hymn Come, Come, Ye Saints. In 1854, Samuel McKeen of Nova Scotia designed another early version of the odometer, a device that measures mileage driven. His version was attached to the side of a carriage and measured the miles with the turning of the wheels.